Flowcytometric technology has been widely used for measurement of the absolute numbers of T-lymphocytes subsets in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), defining the disease state, monitoring antiviral treatment, and identifying any risk for opportunistic infections. A manual preparing of the samples is required. More recently an automated and enclosed blood cell counting, Celldyn Sapphire has been introduced. In this study the performance of the Flow cytometer EPICS XL as a reference method for analysis of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8 T-lymphocytes was evaluated with blood from 40 individual?s samples.

Felint immunosuppressivt virus (FIV) är ett retrovirus som infekterar kattdjur och ger ett kraftigt försvagat immunförsvar. Virus infekterar CD4+T-lymfocyter och ger symptom som letargi och feber i en initial fas. I senare skede av sjukdomen ses kroniska inflammationer och sekundära infektioner. Virus är spritt bland kattpopulationer över hela världen och flera subtyper har definierats. I Sverige rapporteras ett fåtal fall varje år men ett stort mörkertal kan finnas.

Blood-borne infectious diseases such as Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) spread when the addicts share needles and injecting equipmentwithin contact networks. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Winnipeg,Canada in December 2003 - September 2004. Through a special questionnaire, respondentswere asked to answer questions about themselves and about their contacts, about relationshipsand how they shared syringes and other injection supplies. Blood tests were used to identifywhether they carried any blood-borne infectious diseases. We selected some variables from theoriginal data set.

Blood-borne infectious diseases such as Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) spread when the addicts share needles and injecting equipmentwithin contact networks. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Winnipeg,Canada in December 2003 - September 2004. Through a special questionnaire, respondentswere asked to answer questions about themselves and about their contacts, about relationshipsand how they shared syringes and other injection supplies. Blood tests were used to identifywhether they carried any blood-borne infectious diseases. We selected some variables from theoriginal data set.

Since the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS.

West Nile Fever and West Nile Encephalitis are caused by the flavivirus West Nile Virus (WNV). West Nile Virus is now a dangerous threat for horses, birds and humans.

This paper is a compilation of some of the important viral zoonosis that can be passed from apes and simians (simian and prosimian) to man. Viral zoonoses are viral diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. The paper will also provide a better insight of the risks workers and visitors to the zoo can be exposed to. The viruses that this paper is focused on is herpes Bvirus, simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Ebola virus, Marburg virus, yellowfever virus, monkeypoxvirus and hepatitis B virus. The choice of viruses is based on how infectious they are and how pathogenic they are.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a disease caused by Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), which is an arbovirus. An arbovirus is a virus that is transmitted by an arthropod vector, in this case a mosquito. The virus is a member of the Phlebovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae. It was first identified in the Rift Valley in Kenya in 1930. The disease is a zoonosis but mainly affects domestic ruminants inducing massive abortions and a high mortality among young animals.

Hepatitis E virus, HEV, is a frequent causative agent behind, especially waterborne, infections in developing countries such as India. However, during the last years the number of non-travel-associated infections in industrialised countries, for example US, Germany and Sweden, has increased. The symptoms vary from mild with nausea to icterus and it can even be lethal. There are four different genotypes of HEV and many studies consider HEV infection to be a zoonosis. Scientists have by using phylogenetic analyses found great genetic similarity between strains isolated from humans, pigs and food, such as pork and liver, especially among viruses belonging to genotype 3.

ABSTRACT Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) is a soilborne plant virus. It is an important pathogen in potatoes where it causes spraing disease. This disease can lead to significant economical loss for the farmer, so it is imperative to get the proper diagnose before planting. TRV is spread naturally by free-living nematodes (Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus). Transference of TRV to a plant occurs when the virus-carrying nematodes feed on plant roots. The relationship between virus, nematodes and plants is complicated, and has to these days not been fully characterized. The diagnostic methods available today do not work sufficiently.

Bakgrund: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) har utvecklats till en världsomspännande epidemi. HIV präglas av tankar, synsätt och inställningar vilket gör det svårt att leva med sjukdomen. Det är tidigare påvisat att patienter med HIV upplevt ett negativt förhållningsätt av sjuksköterskan, vilket hindrar en god relation. Ett gott förhållningssätt, utövat av sjuksköterskan och sjuksköterskestudenten, samt en god relation är av stor betydelse för patientens hälsa och välbefinnande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkade sjuksköterskans och sjuksköterskestudentens förhållningssätt gentemot patienter med HIV.

Individer som smittas av Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) och utvecklar Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ställs inte bara inför en livshotande sjukdom utan drabbas dessutom av stigma som är relaterat till fruktan för HIV/AIDS. Stigmatisering är ett globalt problem som kan leda till diskriminering och försämrad livskvalitet för personen i såväl den privata som den offentliga sfären. Orsaken till stigmatiseringen är komplex och problematiken existentiell. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att jämföra påverkan på individen vid sjukdomen HIV i Europa respektive Afrika söder om Sahara. Resultaten i studien baseras på 17 vetenskapliga artiklar där fokus ligger på anledningar till att berätta om eller dölja sin HIV-status och vilka konsekvenser detta val kan få för individens liv.

Nematode-transmitted plant viruses (such as nepoviruses) cause great economically losses in commercially important plants such as tomatoes, grapevines and raspberries all over the world. To avoid spread of the viruses the interest in mapping the viruses has increased. One of the important nepoviruses infecting European red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) is Tomato black ring virus (TBRV). TBRV has earlier been confirmed in raspberry samples from Belarus by ELISA and the aim of this bachelor degree project was to confirm these results by amplifying, cloning and sequencing the coat protein (CP) gene of the virus. In total eight viral cDNA samples, from two different raspberry samples, were amplified and sequenced.

SammanfattningBakgrund: HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) är en kronisk sjukdom som har haft en epidemisk spridning och kan upplevas som både psykiskt och fysiskt påfrestande att leva med. De HIV-diagnostiserade personerna upplever att de ofta blir utsatta för stigmatisering och diskriminering i samhället. Problemformulering: Ökningen av HIV har lett till en tätare kontakt mellan HIV-diagnostiserade personer och vårdpersonal. Vårdpersonalens attityd gentemot HIV styr deras bemötande mot de HIV-diagnostiserade personerna. Syfte: Beskriva hur HIV-diagnostiserade personer upplever bemötandet från vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvården.

SammanfattningBakgrund: HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) är en kronisk sjukdom som har haft en epidemisk spridning och kan upplevas som både psykiskt och fysiskt påfrestande att leva med. De HIV-diagnostiserade personerna upplever att de ofta blir utsatta för stigmatisering och diskriminering i samhället. Problemformulering: Ökningen av HIV har lett till en tätare kontakt mellan HIV-diagnostiserade personer och vårdpersonal. Vårdpersonalens attityd gentemot HIV styr deras bemötande mot de HIV-diagnostiserade personerna. Syfte: Beskriva hur HIV-diagnostiserade personer upplever bemötandet från vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvården.